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The Via Crucis to the Cruz del Campo ((スペイン語:Vía Crucis a la Cruz del Campo)) in Seville, Andalusia, Spain is believed to be Spain's only Via Crucis that runs through the streets of a city. (The term ''Via Crucis'' is of Latin origin; it is used in Spanish, although Spanish orthography places an accent mark on the ''i'', hence ''Vía Crucis''; in English, literally "Way of the Cross", but "Stations of the Cross" is also common.〔(Stations Of The Cross ), ourcatholicfaith.org. Accessed online 2010-01-10.〕) It is the basis of the famous traditions of Holy Week in Seville.〔Javier Macías, (El origen de la Semana Santa ), ''ABC de Sevilla'', 2008-03-03. p. 40. Accessed online 2010-01-10.〕 Since the Via Crucis was first laid out in 1521, both the starting and ending points have changed,〔 as has the number of stations.〔Romulaldo de Gelo, (El Humilladero, el Via Crucis y la Ermita de la Cruz del Campo ), degelo.com, accessed online 2010-01-11.〕 ==History== The tradition of the Via Crucis in Spain began with the Dominican Friar Álvaro of Córdoba in 1421, but was popularized mainly by Franciscans.〔Carlos J. Romero Mensaque, (La Cruz del Campo y el Vía Crucis ), Consejo General de Hermandades y Cofradías de Sevilla. Accessed online 2010-01-10.〕 It is a local recreation of what is now called the Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem, by then an established feature of a pilgrimage there, though various routes have been used. With reference to the Via Crucis in Seville, and especially with reference to the ''Templete'' (see below) for events of the 15th and 16th century, a great deal of historical caution is in order. Evidence is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. It is difficult to be confident of the continuity between entities with the same name mentioned centuries apart. The difficulties are compounded by the tendency of most sources to give only one version of events, even when the facts are in doubt.〔Isidoro Moreno Navarro, ''(La Antigua Hermandad de los Negros de Sevilla )'', on the official site of the Hermandad de los Negritos (Antigua, Pontificia y Franciscana Hermandad y Cofradía de Nazarenos del Santísimo Cristo de la Fundación y Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles), especially (La antigüedad de la hermandad en la documentación de esta ) and (La situación del primitivo Hospital y Hermandad y su traslado al sitio actual en 1550 ). Accessed online 2010-01-10. Moreno Navarro indicates, in particular, the difficulty in sorting the evidence about the origin and early years of the ''humilladero'' that became the ''Templete'' and of the Hermandad de los Negritos itself. Romulaldo de Gelo, (El Humilladero, el Via Crucis y la Ermita de la Cruz del Campo ), degelo.com, accessed online 2010-01-11, makes similar remarks on the state of the sources, expanding the issue to even such matters as the number of stations on the original Via Crucis. De Gelo follows Romero Mensaque in emphasizing that other historians have greatly exaggerated the importance of the Cruz de Campo, mistakenly believing it always to have been the terminus of the Via Crucis, and, related to that, presuming that confraternities were strongly affiliated with the Via Crucis and the processions of Holy Week since their inception, a matter he considers unproven at best. Both of these sources, especially de Gelo, are also useful as a review of academic and scholarly sources on the subject.〕 On 20 October 1520, Don Fadrique Enríquez de Rivera, First Marquis of Tarifa, returned from a trip through Europe and the Holy Land.〔 During Lent in 1521,〔 he inaugurated the observance in Seville of the Holy Via Crucis.〔〔 The route began in the Chapel of the Flagellations of his palace and ended at a pillar〔 located in what some sources say was known as the ''Huerta de los Ángeles'' (Orchard of the Angels), but more likely it was called ''Huerta de la Hermandad de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles'',〔Isidoro Moreno Navarro, (La situación del primitivo Hospital y Hermandad y su traslado al sitio actual en 1550 ), part of ''(La Antigua Hermandad de los Negros de Sevilla )'', on the official site of the Hermandad de los Negritos (Antigua, Pontificia y Franciscana Hermandad y Cofradía de Nazarenos del Santísimo Cristo de la Fundación y Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles).〕 not far from the Cruz del Campo, the terminus of the route since 1630.〔 This route ran the same distance of or 1321 paces supposed to have separated the praetorium of Pontius Pilate from Calvary.〔 The Marquis's palace, the Palacio de San Andrés,〔 was then still partly under construction;〔(Plaza y Casa Palacio de Pilotas ), trianarts.com. Accessed online 2010-01-10.〕 it later became known as the Casa de Pilatos through its association with the Via Crucis,〔〔 and, much altered over the next few centuries, is now property of the dukes of Medinaceli.〔〔(Monumentos de Sevilla - Casa de Pilatos ), Turista Virtual de Sevilla.〕 It was declared a National Monument in 1931.〔(Casa de Pilatos - Through visual notes ), Fundación Casa Ducal de Medinaceli. Accessed online 2010-01-11.〕 The oldest documentation of the name Casa de Pilatos is from 1754.〔 In keeping with the theme of Christ's Passion, the procession became strongly associated with penitence through self-flagellation.〔Romero Mensaque, quoted by Romulaldo de Gelo, (El Humilladero, el Via Crucis y la Ermita de la Cruz del Campo ), degelo.com, accessed online 2010-01-11.〕 In 1604, Cardinal Fernando Niño de Guevara issued a series of reforms intended to rein in the tendency of the processions of flagellants to take on the character of a carnival. The brotherhoods and confraternities were formally recognized, but also brought under a set of rules. Schedules were established; nocturnal processions were banned (although that particular provision would soon lapse);〔) the Cathedral of Seville in the city proper and the Church of Santa Ana across the river in Triana as Stations of Penitence, rather than each group beginning its route at a location of its own choosing.〔Carlos J. Romero Mensaque, (Cuatrocientos años de las primeras normas eclesiásticas sobre la Semana Santa en la Diócesis de Sevilla: El Sínodo del Cardenal Niño de Guevara de 1604 ), El Rosario en Sevilla. Accessed online 2010-01-11.〕 Processions of flagellants were banned in Spain in 1777, as were most midnight processions; the processions of Holy Week in Seville were excepted from the latter prohibition.〔 With an alteration of the route in 1630, the observance continued until 1873, when it ceased〔〔 at the time of the First Spanish Republic.〔Isabel Mira Ortiz, (Semana Santo y textos literarios de la Pasión en la región de Murcia ), doctoral dissertation at the University of Murcia, 2006-04-04, alludes to the hostility to such public religious observances in Spain during the First Republic (p. 51) and mentions the suspension of the Via Crucis in Águilas, Province of Murcia (p. 83) and in the city of Murcia (p. 259), but does not specifically mention this as the reason for the tradition in Seville ending that same year. Accessed online 2010-01-10.〕 On 8 March 1957 the descendants of the Marquis of Tarifa reestablished the Via Crucis.〔Romulaldo de Gelo, (El Humilladero, el Via Crucis y la Ermita de la Cruz del Campo ), degelo.com, accessed online 2010-01-11, mentions the revival in 1957, but does not mention this precise date, nor does it mention descendants of the Marquis of Tarifa.〕 Fourteen penitential confraternities from Seville walked the route of fourteen stations during Holy Week, culminating on Easter Sunday, April 21.〔(El Sábado Santo, adornado con todos los primores de la primavera sevillana, constituyó triunfal y esplendoroso remate de nuestra Semana Mayor ), ''ABC Sevilla'' 1957-04-21, p. 47 ''et. seq.'' cites for the modern revival in 1957 and the processions themselves, but not for the numbers of confraternities or stations.〕 The reestablished stations were blessed by Archbishop (and future Cardinal) Bueno Monreal, (as is now recorded on a commemorative marble memorial). (Bueno Monreal had been Coadjutor Archbishop since 1954, due to a struggle between Archbishop Pedro Segura y Sáenz—extremely conservative even by Spanish standards of the time—with the Holy See. Bueno Monreal became Archbishop on Segura's death 8 April 1957, and would become a cardinal in 1958.〔Salvador Miranda, (The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Crónica 1974-2010 - 1987 ), page personally maintained by a librarian at Florida International University. Accessed online 2010-01-10.〕〔José María García de Tuñón Aza, (Segura, el cardenal que expulsó la II República ), ''El Catoblepas'', Number 88, 2009-06, p. 13. Accessed online 2010-01-10.〕) This revived Via Crucis continued only for a few years.〔 In 1976 the council of Brotherhoods and Confraternities of Seville again reestablished the tradition.〔José Luis García, (Via Crucis de Sevilla ), abcdesevilla.es, 2006. Accessed online 2010-01-10.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Via Crucis to the Cruz del Campo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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